BRIDLES & BISCUITS: The Contraband Culture of Spanish East Texas

(COMING IN 2024) This work focuses on the “last act of the Spanish drama in East Texas,” and the culture of contraband trade that avoided all attempts to control it. The years of control of that trade around Nacogdoches by Antonio Gil Ibarvo (Ybarbo) ultimately led to his removal, but failed to abate the trade in items of personal importance to the residents.